Synergistic Effect of Intravenous Lidocaine on Anesthetic Induction and Emergence in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy or Gynecological Surgery

Participants in the control group received a single intravenous injection of 0.9% normal saline at induction of anesthesia.

Participants in this group received a single intravenous bolus of lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) at anesthesia induction. No additional lidocaine was administered thereafter.

Participants in this group received a bolus of lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) at induction followed by continuous intravenous infusion of lidocaine (2 mg/kg/h) until the end of surgery.