CPET-based HIIT for MAFLD

Exercise sessions were conducted as telemedically supervised, home-based HIIT performed on electric resistance bikes, with protocols individually tailored. Each HIIT session comprised 8 cycles of alternating 30-second high-intensity intervals (HIT at 80% peakVO₂) and 60-second low-intensity recovery intervals (LIT at 50% peakVO₂). Warm-up and cool-down phases were performed with the bike's resistance set to 0 watts (unloaded pedaling). The total intervention duration was 8 weeks. Received health lifestyle education based on the Prevention and Treatment Guidelines for Metabolic (Non-Alcoholic) Fatty Liver Disease (2024 Edition) and the Dietary Guidelines for Adults with Hyperlipidemia (2023 Edition).Wear smart bracelets 24/7 to monitor daily activity levels, with participants prohibited from engaging in any other systematic exercise training during the intervention period.

The control group will not receive any exercise intervention, and they will be instructed to not take any structured exercise regimens.Received health lifestyle education based on the Prevention and Treatment Guidelines for Metabolic (Non-Alcoholic) Fatty Liver Disease (2024 Edition) and the Dietary Guidelines for Adults with Hyperlipidemia (2023 Edition).Wear smart bracelets 24/7 to monitor daily activity levels, with participants prohibited from engaging in any other systematic exercise training during the intervention period.