Guiding Fluid Resuscitation in Septic Shock: Ultrasound vs. Noninvasive Cardiac Output Monitoring

Monitoring commenced immediately after enrollment, with baseline parameters recorded after signal stabilization (≤5 minutes), including cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), stroke volume variation (SVV), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). The system automatically updated these parameters every 30 seconds and displayed them in real-time on the monitor screen. Fluid resuscitation was dynamically adjusted according to these continuous measurements until achieving the predefined therapeutic targets.

In the critical care ultrasound group, patients underwent immediate bedside This protocol ensured real-time, comprehensive evaluation of both cardiac function and fluid status to guide resuscitation.Ultrasound reassessment was performed every 1-2 hours to dynamically adjust both the volume and rate of fluid administration until predefined resuscitation targets were achieved.