Effectiveness of Exercise Intervention on Physical Function, Psychological Health, Quality of Life, and Spiritual Well-Being in Hospitalized Older Patients

Participants in the intervention group received a structured, multicomponent exercise program consisting of resistance training, stretching, and walking. The program began on the second day of hospitalization and continued until discharge, with a frequency of five sessions per week. Each session lasted approximately 30 minutes, including about 20 minutes of resistance and stretching exercises targeting major muscle groups through functional movements (e.g., sit-to-stand, leg flexion-extension) and flexibility exercises for the upper arms, back, and posterior legs, performed in 2 to 3 sets of 8 to 12 repetitions. Each session also incorporated approximately 10 minutes of walking, with intensity adjusted according to individual tolerance.