Transcranial Photobiomodulation With Multiple Interventions in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

During the active stimulation period, participants completed 11 sessions of active stimulation within 11 days in their own homes. The stimulation duration per session was 9-12 minutes, administered once daily.

During the sham stimulation period, participants completed 11 sessions of sham stimulation in their own homes within 11 days, with the same stimulation frequency and duration as the active stimulation group. The intervention was delivered at the same target area and wavelength; the intensity was matched to that of the active stimulation during the first 30 seconds and the last 30 seconds of each session, while no intervention was applied in the intermediate period.