Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation for Cognitive Function Modulation in Patients With Post COVID-19 Brain Fog

In the sham group, the transducer power was turned off, pre-recorded pulse repetition sounds were played to control for auditory confounds. The equipment appearance is consistent with the test device. Single stimulation, 60 seconds.

Ultrasound stimulation was delivered using TPO-203 and H-104MR\_4AA-4CH transducer (Sonic Concepts, Woodinville, WA, USA). In the real stimulation group, theta-burst TUS (Yaakub et al., 2024; Yaakub et al., 2023) was performed with the following parameters: pulse duration = 20 ms; pulse repetition interval = 200 ms; total duration = 80 s. The target free-field spatial peak pulse-average intensity was maintained at 33.85 W/cm². The stimulation target was defined as the overlapping region between the source localisation results and the right inferior insula in the Destrieux atlas