Comparison of Three Deep Sedation Strategies for Pulsed-Field Ablation

Sedation protocol: Fentanyl infusion (0.1 mL/kg/h) initiated after surgical site disinfection; during ablation, fentanyl 2 mL and midazolam 0.5 mg were administered intravenously. Additional fentanyl or midazolam was given if needed.

Sedation protocol: Fentanyl infusion (0.1 mL/kg/h) initiated after disinfection; flurbiprofen axetil (100 mg) administered intravenously after transseptal puncture; fentanyl 2 mL and midazolam 0.5 mg administered during ablation. Additional fentanyl was given if needed.

Sedation protocol: Fentanyl infusion (0.1 mL/kg/h) initiated after disinfection; dexmedetomidine continuous infusion (0.4 μg/kg/h) was administered throughout.