Comparison of the Effect of Pain Neuroscience Education Combined With Physiotherapy, and Physiotherapy Alone in Temporomandibular Disorders

Physiotherapy treatment programs include therapeutic ultrasound, muscle relaxation techniques, range of motion exercises, and joint and soft tissue mobilization.

"PNE sessions will be conducted in addition to physiotherapy programs for intervention groups. PNE sessions will occupy half of each session during the first two weeks. Physiotherapists trained in PNE will deliver sessions using a combination of metaphors, animated videos, and scientifically accurate descriptions. The same physiotherapist will lead both sessions with the same patient.~Active learning techniques will include:~Connecting new information with prior knowledge. Operationalizing key pain concepts into individual contexts. Facilitated problem-solving and critical reflection."