Effects of Aerobic Versus Resistance Training on Bone Metabolism in Stage 3-4 Chronic Kidney Disease

Structured machine-based resistance exercise protocol performed under supervision, targeting osteogenic loading to improve bone mineral density and alter bone metabolism markers in CKD stage 3-4 patients.

"Participants in this arm performed supervised aerobic exercise (treadmill walking) three times per week for six months. Each session included:~5-minute warm-up~30-minute treadmill walking at 60%-80% of age-predicted maximum heart rate (HRmax = 220 - age)~10-minute cool-down Exercise sessions were supervised by trained exercise professionals and tailored to maintain target heart rate zones."