Hpx•apoB Product as a Biomarker for Coronary Artery Disease

Standard coronary angiography was performed via the radial or femoral approach on all participants to assess the presence and severity of coronary artery disease. Angiograms were used to determine coronary stenosis, which formed the basis for classifying participants into the CAD group (≥50% stenosis) or the control group (\<50% stenosis).

Fasting blood samples were collected from all participants to measure the novel Hpx•apoB product. Plasma hemopexin (Hpx) was quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) was measured using standard automated methods. This biomarker was the primary variable of interest for its association with CAD.