Fundus-First Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Difficult Gallbladders: A Safe Alternative Technique

Standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy technique starting at Calot's triangle. Used as the comparator group in this study.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy technique initiated at the gallbladder fundus and carried out retrogradely toward Calot's triangle. This method was applied to difficult gallbladders (Nassar Grade 3-4) to improve operative safety and avoid conversion to open surgery.