Standardized Perioperative Care Protocol for Lumbar Fusion Surgery

A multi-component protocol involving preoperative patient education, nutritional screening, standardized anesthesia, goal-directed fluid therapy, multimodal opioid-sparing analgesia, and a structured physiotherapy-led mobilization schedule starting on postoperative day 1.

Standard, non-protocolized institutional perioperative care, with management decisions based on the discretion of the attending surgeon and care team.