Effect of Primary Dysmenorrhea on Muscle Activity in Young Adult Females

"EMG Electrode Placement and Muscle Assessment:~Electrodes for the rectus abdominis were placed longitudinally at the umbilical level. For the erector spinae, L3 was located using a line between the posterior superior iliac crests, and electrodes were placed \~3 cm lateral to the L3 spinous process.~Assessment:~Rectus Abdominis: In the crook-lying position, participants performed a slow curl-up (\~35-40°), holding for 10 seconds.~Erector Spinae: In the prone position with a 10-cm pad under the abdomen, participants lifted the upper body with neutral cervical alignment for 10 seconds.~Each test was repeated three times with 2-minute rest intervals."