The Effects of Epidural Analgesia on Maternal-Infant Bonding and Birth-Related Trauma

After informed consent and exclusion of contraindications, an epidural catheter will be placed at the L3-L4 interspace in the sitting position using a Tuohy needle. A test dose of 2 mL lidocaine will be administered to confirm correct catheter placement under continuous monitoring of vital signs. Once cervical dilatation reaches 5 cm, 5 mL of 0.2% bupivacaine combined with 25 mcg fentanyl will be administered via the epidural catheter. Additional boluses will be given as needed based on pain assessment. The catheter will be removed 24 hours postpartum.