Clinical Performance of HVGIC vs Bulk Fill Composite in Class II Cavities of Posterior Teeth: A 12-Month RCT

Both restorative materials were applied in a clinical setting following standard infection control protocols and material-specific preparation techniques. The interventions were performed by the same calibrated operator to ensure consistency, and evaluated using modified USPHS criteria by two blinded, independent assessors at 1 week (baseline), 6 months, and 12 months. The study employed a split-mouth design to allow direct intra-individual comparison between the two materials under similar oral conditions.