Comparison of Dimensional Accuracy and Color Stability Between Direct 3D-printed and Thermoformed Retainers

Orthodontic retainers fabricated using direct 3D printing technology from digital STL models. The retainers are printed with biocompatible clear resin using an additive manufacturing process.

Clear orthodontic retainers fabricated by thermoforming a single-layer thermoplastic sheet over a 3D printed dental model using a vacuum forming machine.

Orthodontic retainers fabricated using a multi-layer thermoforming technique combining different thermoplastic materials to enhance durability and fit accuracy.