Study of the Effect of Proprioceptive Stimuli in the Stomatognathic Area on Visual Perception, With and Without Sound

Participants underwent baseline evaluation using the Vertical Maddox Test with no auditory or oral proprioceptive stimulation. This phase was used to confirm the absence of spontaneous visual pseudo-scotomas and served as an internal control condition for each participant.

Participants received bilateral auditory stimulation consisting of 500 Hz tones (500 ms duration, 50 dB) delivered through wireless headphones, without any accompanying oral stimuli. This condition was used to assess the isolated effect of sound on visual perception using the Vertical Maddox Test.

Participants received simultaneous auditory and oral proprioceptive stimuli while undergoing the Vertical Maddox Test. - Auditory: 500 Hz tones (500 ms, 50 dB) via headphones. - Oral Proprioceptive Stimuli (OPS): included Combined Oral Stimuli (e.g., tongue and lip self-administered positions) and Dental Stimuli (mechanical pressure or traction on central incisors using a calibrated probe). This condition aimed to assess whether OPS could modulate or eliminate sound-induced visual pseudo-scotomas.

Participants received oral proprioceptive stimuli alone, without auditory input, during the Vertical Maddox Test. - Combined Oral Stimuli (COS): self-administered tongue/lip positions. - Dental Stimuli (DS): applied by the operator to central incisors. This condition was used to evaluate the independent effect of OPS on visual perception.