Chitosan Irrigation in Premolar Root Canal Therapy (Randomized Trial)

A 0.2 % (w/v) low-molecular-weight chitosan solution (50-190 kDa, ≥75 % deacetylation) prepared fresh in 1 % acetic acid, pH ≈ 6.0. Ten mL is delivered into the root canal over 30 s and left in situ for an additional 30 s (total contact 60 s), followed by a 5 mL sterile saline flush

Commercial 2.5 % (w/v) sodium hypochlorite endodontic irrigant. Ten mL is delivered over 30 s and left for 30 s (total contact 60 s), then flushed with 5 mL sterile saline

Ready-to-use 17 % EDTA solution (pH ≈ 7.3) for smear-layer removal. Ten mL is delivered over 30 s and left for 30 s (total contact 60 s), then flushed with 5 mL sterile saline