Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Lectin-functionalized Nitrogen, Sulfur-doped Graphene Quantum Dot Decorated Gold Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Diagnosis: From Academic Research to Clinical Translation

considering benefits of the nitrogen, sulfur-doped graphene quantum dot (NSGQDs) and 3-dimensional gold nanoparticle (AuNP), we used these materials for the construction of a novel electrochemical biosensor to apply the synergy contributions on the enhancement of the potential in clinical and cancer diagnostic applications. The synthesis of a novel nanocomposite through the integration of NSGQDs with AuNP yields a hybrid material (NSGQDs/AuNP) that combines the advantages of both its organic and inorganic properties, potentially revealing unique characteristics to enhance the electrochemical behaviors, which establishes a robust foundation for constructing a label-free electrochemical biosensor. This pioneering biosensor was then conjugated with PhaL (NSGQDs/AuNP/PhaL) through the amide bond between the COOH group of NSGQDs and the NH2 group of PhaL, which has the potential for the ultra-sensitive detection of cancer markers, featuring heightened electrochemical and sensing capabilitie