3D Eye Movement Simulator for Medical Education

"A physical, interactive 3D-printed educational model that replicates human eyeball movements and demonstrates the biomechanical action of extraocular muscles. The simulator allows hands-on manipulation to demonstrate all cardinal eye movements (adduction, abduction, elevation, depression, intorsion, and extorsion) through mechanical actuation of synthetic muscle analogues."

Standard medical education methods for teaching eye anatomy and movements, including: (1) didactic classroom lectures with 2D illustrations, (2) static anatomical models of the orbit and eyeball, and (3) textbook-based learning materials. This represents the current conventional approach to teaching this content in medical curricula