Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Intrauterine Fetal Death

The umbilical cord was clamped between 60 and 180 seconds after birth or after the cessation of cord pulsation, in accordance with WHO recommendations. This procedure allows for additional placental transfusion and potential enhancement of neonatal antioxidant capacity.

The umbilical cord was clamped within the first 60 seconds after birth. This represents the standard or traditional approach used for comparison with delayed clamping in terms of oxidative stress outcomes.