The Effect of Breathing on Cognitive Performance and Stress

Box breathing consisted of a 4 second inhale, 4 second hold, 4 second exhale, 4 second hold; for 4 minutes.

Prolonged Exhalation consisted of a deep, 3 second inhale, followed by a slow 6 second exhale through pursed lips, once every 30 seconds for 4 minutes.

This was the placebo, normal breathing group was instructed to breath as they normally would for the entirety of the 4 minute period.