Thread-Embedding Acupuncture for Functional and QoL Improvement in COPD Patients

TEA is performed once at bilateral ST36 (perpendicular insertion) and BL13 (oblique insertion toward EX-B1) using absorbable PDO thread (CARA® 30G × 38 mm). Standard aseptic procedures are followed. Bleeding is controlled, and insertion sites are covered. Participants continue their routine pharmacological COPD treatment.

Sham TEA involves taping needles onto the surface of bilateral ST36 and BL13 without skin penetration or thread insertion. The direction toward EX-B1 is mimicked without actual insertion. All procedures, including marking and aseptic preparation, are performed identically to maintain blinding. Participants continue their routine pharmacological COPD treatment.