The Role of Probiotics and Dietary Interventions in the Treatment of Periodontitis

Participants in this arm received standard non-surgical periodontal treatment, including scaling and root planing, without any additional supplementation or dietary modification.

Participants in this arm received standard periodontal treatment along with a daily probiotic supplement (1 capsule/day, containing 10⁹ CFU of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis) for six consecutive weeks.

Participants in this arm received standard periodontal treatment, the same probiotic protocol as the probiotic group, and a personalized anti-inflammatory diet. The diet was developed by a clinical dietitian and emphasized high-fiber, antioxidant-rich, and prebiotic foods. Consumption of refined carbohydrates, added sugars, and trans fats was restricted.