Physical Exercise and Biomolecular Analysis to Reduce Uremic Toxins in Chronic Kidney Disease: An Exploratory Study

"The training program will follow a periodized approach, starting with a low total volume (loads x sets x repetitions), ensuring gradual adaptation, patient safety, and performance progression. Strength training will begin 48 hours after muscle strength tests.Sessions will occur 2 to 4 times per week on non-consecutive days. Each session will include 6-12 exercises, with 1-3 seconds for concentric and eccentric actions, 6-20 repetitions, 1-6 sets, and 1-3 minutes of rest. Intensity will be gauged by perceived exertion, ranging from easy to hard, with load adjustments every 2 months based on progress.Patients undergoing hemodialysis may perform the sessions during or between treatments. Portable equipment like free weights, ankle weights, and resistance bands will be used."

Training sessions will be conducted 2 to 4 times per week on non-consecutive days. Patients will perform aerobic training on different ergometers, namely: bicycle, treadmill, and stair climber. The choice will depend on the patient's needs/abilities and/or equipment availability. The load will be adjusted between 50% and 100% of the ventilatory threshold, according to the patient's cardiorespiratory capacity. The duration of the training will vary between 10 and 60 minutes, always starting with low load and volume, with gradual progression to ensure patient comfort and safety.

Training sessions will be conducted 2 to 6 times per week, alternating between strength training one day and aerobic training the next, as described above. As patients improve their physical fitness, strength and aerobic training may be performed on the same day.