Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation As a Neuromodulation Therapy for Craving and Relapse Behaviors in Alcohol Use Disorder.

The sham stimulation protocol maintained identical parameter settings to the active treatment group with equivalent application of ultrasound coupling gel at the left vmPFC site localized via the FP1 electrode. Crucially, the ultrasound transducer's output trigger was disabled during sham sessions, ensuring identical device operation procedures without acoustic energy delivery. Participants received daily 15-minute sham sessions matching the active group's 10-day treatment schedule.

Participants in the active stimulation group will receive the transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) targeted the left ventromededial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), localized via the FP1 electrode position of the International 10-20 EEG system. The TUS will be delivered in the form of pulsed sinusoidal waves, with a fundamental frequency of 0.5 MHz and an intensity of 8 W/cm² (spatial peak pulse average intensity \[Isppa\]). The pulse duration will be 500 microseconds, and the sonication bursts will consist of 50 tone bursts per session, with a duty cycle of 5%. Each burst (pulse repetition frequency: 100 Hz) was followed by an 8-second inter-burst interval, yielding a total session duration of 15 minutes. Participants underwent one daily session for 10 consecutive days.