Genomic and Proteomic Analyses of Apoptosis Mechanisms in Diseased Peri-implant Tissue

For non-surgical treatment of peri-implant mucositis, granulation tissues were removed by titanium curettes (Hu-Friedy, Titanium Implant Scaler Mini-Five, Chicago, IL, USA) during mechanical debridement under local anesthesia

In cases requiring surgical intervention for peri-implantitis, mucoperiosteal flaps were elevated on both vestibular and oral aspects after administration of local anesthesia (articaine with epinephrine 1:200,000) to expose the peri-implant defect. Granulation tissue from the bony defect area was meticulously excised using by titanium curettes (Hu-Friedy, Titanium Implant Scaler Mini-Five, Chicago, IL, USA).

Healthy peri-implant mucosa samples were obtained during the second-stage surgery of implant placement procedures. These samples consisted of incisional biopsies of peri-implant mucosa in direct contact with the implant surface.