Application and Validation of a Smartphone-based Deep Learning System for Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer Screening

The smartphone-based deep learning system was trained using a dataset of over 50,000 white-light macroscopic images collected between 2006 and 2013 to develop the YOLOv7 model. Lesions were categorized into three referral grades: benign (green), potentially malignant (yellow), and malignant (red).