Influence of Food Texture on Appetite Control, Gastric Emptying, and Energy Expenditure

An isocaloric amount (500 kcal) of a commercially available liquid meal with a matched macronutrient composition is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum.

An isocaloric amount (500 kcal) of a commercially available semi-solid oatmeal with a matched macronutrient composition is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum.

A predefined amount of a caloric drink (= liquid meal) together with an ad libitum amount of a semi-solid meal is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum.

A predefined amount of a non-caloric drink (= water, sucralose, flavor) together with an ad libitum amount of a semi-solid meal is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum.