Ultra-Processed Foods and Appetite Regulation: Acute Effects Across Body Mass Index Categories

In this intervention, participants are offered a traditional breakfast (consisting of unprocessed or minimally processed foods), and postprandial appetite regulation is evaluated. Traditional breakfast includes chicken egg (boiled), white cheese (full-fat), white bread, black and green olives, tomatoes, cucumbers, and freshly squeezed orange juice.

In this intervention, participants are offered an ultra-processed breakfast, and postprandial appetite regulation is evaluated. Ultra-processed breakfast includes pan-fried beef sausage (without oil), packaged sandwich bread, tomato-based ketchup, and packaged orange juice.