Investigation of Objective Cognitive Effort in Neuropsychological Evaluation of Psychotic Disorders

"Measurement of pre-ejection period is the period between the onset of electrical excitation of the left ventricle and the opening of the aortic valve and heart rate will be continuous.~These data will be collected using a cardiograph measuring the ECG signal and impedance cardiography (ICG). The system's four electrodes are positioned on the middle axillary line at the end of the sternum and at the base of the neck.~Blood pressure measurements (PAS and PAD) will be taken from a cuff placed on the brachial artery of the non-dominant arm.~cardiovascular values will be measured continuously:~* Each participant rested while watching a documentary for 8 minutes.~* During two 5-minute memory tasks of different difficulty levels (easy and difficult), separated by a 5-minute break.~The averages of the last 5 minutes during the resting period will constitute the resting values, and the averages of the 5 minutes of each difficulty level will constitute the values during cognitive effort."

"First, a quiet period with the viewing of a documentary film (8min).~Then, participants will perform two 5-minute memory tasks of different difficulty levels (memorizing 3 letters corresponds to the easy level vs. 7 letters to the difficult level), separated by a 5-minute break. The order of difficulty will be counterbalanced.~At the end of each difficulty level, self-report measures assessed by the following questions will be collected:~* How much effort did you exert during the task?;~* How difficult did you find the task?~* How motivated were you to perform the task? Responses will be in Likert scale format, ranging from 1 (no effort at all, very easy, not at all motivated, respectively) to 7 (a lot of effort, very difficult, very motivated, respectively)."

"psychopathological measures collected using questionnaires:~* Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II): mood~* State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y) (STAY-Y): anxiety~* Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, 20-item version (MFI-20=): fatigue~* General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES): defeatist beliefs~* Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) : psychotic symptoms for the psychotic disorders group"