Desflurane Potentially Induces Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Patients Undergoing Perioperative Procedures by Modulating Cdc42 and Clock Proteins

Anesthesia was maintained with either desflurane, with inhaled concentrations adjusted based on electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring.

Following induction, patients underwent mechanical ventilation in volume-controlled (VC) mode. Ventilation parameters were set using a GE Aestiva anesthesia machine (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA): tidal volume 6-8 ml/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure 0 cmH2O, inspiration/expiration ratio 1:2, respiratory rate 16 breaths/min, and inspired oxygen concentration of 41%.