Effectiveness of Tongue Resistance Exercises on Tongue and Swallowing Function in Frail Older Adults with MCI

"The TRE program consisted of the following exercises:~Exercise 1: Tongue Protrusion and Retraction Against Resistance, Exercise 2: Anterior Tongue Protrusion and Retraction Against Resistance, Exercise 3: Middle Tongue Protrusion and Retraction Against Resistance, Exercise 4: Middle Tongue Elevation with Pharyngeal Sound Production, Exercise 5: Tongue Elevation and Posterior Sweeping, and Exercise 6: Saliva Swallowing with Lip Closure."

Cheek bulging exercises involved a series of movements: Lip Closure: Participants began by closing their lips. Unilateral Cheek Bulging: They then bulged their right cheek, followed by relaxation and return to the initial position. This was repeated on the left side. Bilateral Cheek Bulging: Finally, participants bulged both cheeks simultaneously.