Effects of Scalp Nerve Block on Postoperative Pain, Hemodynamics and Surgical Stress Response in Craniotomy Surgery

scalp nerve block is performed bilaterally by an anesthesiologist after induction of anesthesia and 5 minutes before head immobilization, according to the technique described by Pinosky et al. Prepare a syringe (20 mL) for scalp blocks. It is performed using 0.35% bupivacaine and 5 mcg epinephrine (1:2,000,000) using a 23-gauge needle inserted at a 45° angle to the skin and penetrating deeply into the outer edge of the scalp.