The Brain-Heart-Gut Connection

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a sophisticated neuromodulation technique that involves the use of a magnetic coil placed against the scalp to generate brief magnetic pulses. These pulses induce electric currents in the cortical neurons, leading to depolarization or hyperpolarization depending on the parameters of the stimulation.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that involves applying a low-intensity electrical current to specific areas of the scalp. The electric current induces alterations in the membrane potentials of underlying neuronal networks. The application of tDCS with concentric ring electrodes is a more targeted form of tDCS, allowing for more precise modulation of cortical activity compared to traditional tDCS methods.