Effectiveness and Safety of Sodium Bicarbonate Pleural Lavage in the Treatment of Complex Pleural Effusion

All participants will receive a standardized antimicrobial therapy regimen, with antibiotics selected based on susceptibility testing. Within 2 days of initiating treatment, all patients will undergo catheter placement for continuous drainage of pleural effusion. Participants will receive a daily intrapleural injection of 200 mL of 2.5% sodium bicarbonate in 7 days. For patients with ultrasound evidence of pleural effusion loculations or drainage tube obstruction, intrapleural administration of urokinase may be performed at the discretion of the treating physician to ensure effective drainage.Following each daily injection, the catheter will be clamped for 2 hours before resuming continuous drainage, a process that will continue for 7 days.

All participants will receive a standardized antimicrobial therapy regimen, with antibiotics selected based on susceptibility testing. Within 2 days of initiating treatment, all patients will undergo catheter placement for continuous drainage of pleural effusion. Participants will receive a daily intrapleural injection of 200 mL of saline in 7days For patients with ultrasound evidence of pleural effusion loculations or drainage tube obstruction, intrapleural administration of urokinase may be performed at the discretion of the treating physician to ensure effective drainage. Following each daily injection, the catheter will be clamped for 2 hours before resuming continuous drainage, a process that will continue for 7 days..