The Environmental Costs of Building Human Muscle

Participants were provided with a caloric target to place them in a ∼0 to 10% energy surplus, and a protein target of 2 g·kg bm-1·d-1. Participants were instructed to avoid animal products for ≥6 d per wk, focusing their intake on protein-rich non-animal-derived foods (for example, mycoprotein-containing products, pulses, soy). To facilitate reaching protein intake targets, the research team provided participants with mycoprotein-containing vegan products (∼1-2 products per day) to be used as the main protein source for some meals. This group also received 105-g mycoprotein (46-g protein, 10-g carbohydrate, 13-g fat, 348 kcal), 35-g post-training, and 70-g before bed.

Participants were provided with a caloric target to place them in a ∼0 to 10% energy surplus, and a protein target of 2 g·kg bm-1·d-1. Participants in OMNI2 were instructed to consume an omnivorous diet, focusing their intake on high-quality animal-derived proteins (that is, meat, milk, yogurt, cheese). To facilitate reaching protein intake targets, the research team provided participants with a weekly supply (∼1-2 products per day) of chicken or beef to be used as the main protein source for some meals. This group also received 59-g supplemental milk protein daily (47-g protein, 2-g carbohydrate, \<1-g fat, 198 kcal) 19.5-g to drink post-training and 39-g to drink before sleep.