Gut Microbiota, Mitochondrial Function and Metabolic Health in Obesity

Subjects undergo two cycles of a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) for 6 weeks each, alternating with a hypocaloric diet (12 weeks). The dietetic intervention consists of a VLCD using a liquid formula (Optisource Plus, Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland), providing 52.8 g protein, 75.0 g carbohydrates, 13.5 g fat, 11.4 g fiber, and essential vitamins and minerals based on Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). This formula supplies 2738 kJ/day (654 kcal/day), replacing the participants' three daily meals. Following this and before the second VLCD cycle, a dietician performs an individualized nutritional assessment to calculate the resting energy expenditure, and personalized hypocaloric diets were prepared, reducing 500 kcal for each individual on their daily caloric expenditure, maintaining the recommended intake of each of the macronutrients (55% carbohydrates, 30% fats and 15% proteins) for 12-weeks.