Dexmedetomidine-ketamine Combination Versus Fentanyl-midazolam During Bronchoscopy

Dexmedetomidine solution of 1 μg/kg dissolved in 60 ml saline was administered over 15 minutes, followed by a maintenance dose of 0.5 μg/kg/h (continuous infusion).

A bolus dose of 50 mg ketamine dissolved in 10 ml saline was given 15 minutes after Dexmedetomidine initiation.

Bolus doses of midazolam (5 mg midazolam dissolved in 10 ml saline; 2 ml of the solution or 1 mg midazolam per bolus, premedication dose of 2mg, induction dose of 2 mg) were administered at 20-minute intervals in between and titrated as needed to obtain the desired sedation depth. No more than 12 mg of midazolam were administered.

Bolus doses of fentanyl (100 μg / 10 ml; 5 ml of the solution or 50 μg fentanyl per bolus, induction dose of 50μg) were administered at 20-minute intervals in between and titrated as needed to obtain the desired sedation depth. No more than 150 μg of fentanyl were administered.