Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension Associated Right Heart Failure

Echocardiography will be used for specific right ventricular measurements or findings: TAPSE, TAPSE:PASP ratio, tissue Doppler velocity at lateral tricuspid annulus, fractional area change, right ventricular strain, right ventricular hypertrophy, right atrial size, volumes, ejection fraction, tricuspid and pulmonary regurgitation, inferior vena cava diameter and collapsibility, shift of interventricular septum, further assisting the diagnosis of RHF.

"Right heart catheterization is the gold standard for the diagnosis of PH. It also allows for direct measurement of intracardiac and pulmonary pressures, as well as cardiac output, and is commonly used to estimate right ventricular preload and afterload."