Investigating Surprise Signals in the Anterior Insula

Electrodes already implanted in patient's anterior insula will be stimulated below the patient-specific threshold at which a seizure was induced. This stimulations will coincide with certain trials in the adaptation task.

Participants will perform a task that requires them to learn and correctly respond to outliers of two sorts; inconsequential outliers, which require no action, and outliers that are relevant to the course of stimuli and outcomes in future trials, requiring adaptive action.