Cue Effects in Human Addiction: Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer

Will be used to investigate neural correlates of PIT effects by measuring the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response of neural activation in the mesolimbic system.

Will be used to investigate neural correlates of PIT effects by identifying abnormalities in cortical gray and white matter volume.

Will be used to assess the effect of acute stress induction on behavioral and neural PIT effects. The induced stress is generated in a social context, where the participants are asked to prepare a job interview for their dream job and to present it in front of a three-member jury.

"The paradigm consists of four parts:~In the first part, an instrumental learning task is completed in which subjects must learn which stimuli require a response and which do not. In the second part, a classical (Pavlovian) conditioning task is then completed in which subjects learn by passive viewing which stimuli are associated with certain amounts of money. The third part measures to which instrumental responses (learned in Part 1) are modulated by the presentation of the classically conditioned stimuli (learned in Part 2). At the same time drug-associated stimuli are presented in the background measuring to which extent they conflict with the learned instrumental behavior. In the last part, query trials are implemented in which the participants have to choose between two pictures to assess the relative cue value."

Will be used to assess interference at stimulus level. Here either one, two, three or four identical digits from 1 to 4 are shown. Number and denotation of digits are either congruent (1, 22, 333, 4444; 88 trials) or incongruent (111, 2222, 3, 4444; 88 trials). Subjects have to indicate how many digits were shown

Will be used to measure interference at the response level and response inhibition. We will show arrows either pointing to the left or right. The arrow can either be shown on the left or the right side of the display. In congruent trials, direction and position are the same, whereas they differ in incongruent trials. Participants have to indicate the direction of the arrow and ignore the position.

"Will be used to examine inhibitory control. The participants tap the left and right side of the screen to smash two falling fruits. When the fruits pass two circles, subjects are required to tap both sides of the screen. In stop trials one of the fruits turns brown (rotten), indicating the corresponding side of the screen should not be tapped."

for genetic and epigenetic testing, especially for exploratory outcome prediction using polygenic risk scores.

"* Perceived Stress Scale~* Social Readjustment Rating Scale~* Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic"

Hair cortisol measurement (3 cm hair segments) will be used to assess chronic stress.

Assessing acute stress effects in AUD.

We will use smartphones with additional mobile sensors (wearables), which will be used to measure physical activity, data on location (GPS), geolocation-based triggering of e-Diaries, self-reported stress reactivity, cue exposure (encounters with drug-related stimuli in real life), drug craving, impulsivity and drug consumption (priming doses, binges and continuous use of all drugs of abuse).

SKID-I Interview neurocognitive and psychopathological testing