Neurofeedback Training For Older Adults

For fNIRS to be recorded by the wearable OctaMon+ system (Artinis Medical Systems, The Netherlands), two sources, each surrounded by four detectors positioned approximately 3 cm apart, will be placed on the scalp such that the two channels near the fissure on each side of the head are surrounded F3 and F4. Data will be sampled at 50 Hz.

For EEG to be recorded by the ANT eego rt8 amplifier (ANT Neuro, Hengelo, The Netherlands), electrodes will be placed at Fp1, F3, F4, Fz, Fpz, Cz, GND (ground), lower VEOG, and on the two earlobes (references). Data will be collected at 2,048 Hz.

In the sham condition, participants will receive visual feedback based on pre-recordings and/or other participants' recordings. Participants will undergo a 3-min rest period before and after each training session to track changes in resting-state brain activity within and across sessions.