Comparing Mindfulness-based Breath Training and Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback for Shoulder Surgery Patients in the Postoperative Pain.

The 20-minute mindfulness session is a scripted mindfulness exercise that incorporates mindfulness principles of intentionally paying attention to present-moment experiences in a non-judgmental fashion.

The 20-minute HRV biofeedback is based on the resonant frequency breathing with an external pacemaker. Generally, the breath rhythm is between 4.5 and 6.5 times per min.

The 20-minute psychoeducation session is a supportive session where behavioral coping strategies for pain management are discussed.