Whole-task Hybrid Simulation Improves Medical Student Competence in Cardiology Clerkship

Each group was initially provided with an online tutorial on the complete physical examination of the cardiovascular system as performed on a standardized patient by the trainer. At the beginning of each session, the trainer performed the examination on a hybrid patient wearing the auscultation vest and provided additional teaching, explanations, and rationale. Following the demonstration, each participant was invited to perform repeated physical examinations in front of their peers with real-time one-to-one feedback from the trainer. After each performance, the participant was encouraged to critique their own performance(s), peers were invited to provide some insights, and the trainer gave some overall feedback. At the end of the session and after each participant had had the opportunity to perform the complete examination at least once, the participants were taken through a range of abnormal signs using the auscultation vest with explanations provided by the trainer.