Association Between Frailty and Postoperative Adverse Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Urological Surgery

The mFI-5 contains five items, including hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), and physical function status, with each item attributing 1 point. Patients with an mFI-5 score greater than or equal to 2 were considered frail, while those with an mFI-5 score of 0 or 1 were considered nonfrail.