The Effects of Smartphone Addiction on Physical Activity, Fatigue and Sleep Quality of University Students

The Piper Fatigue Scale (PFS) was developed by Piper et al. to measure fatigue in a multi-dimensional manner. The scale assesses the behavioural, affective, sensory and cognitive/mood attributes of fatigue and contains 22 items and 5 open-ended questions. Each item is scored between 0 and 10 using a Visual Analogue Scale. Sub-scale scores are obtained by dividing the scores from the sub-scale items by the number of the items in the sub-scale. The same method is used to calculate the total score