AF Ablation for HF With Reduced EF

The aim of the ablation procedure was to achieve isolation of all pulmonary veins and to restore sinus rhythm.Additional ablation strategies were made at the discretion of the operators.

The medical therapy for atrial fibrillation was administered in accordance with the guidelines that were available at the time of the trial.Efforts to maintain sinus rhythm were recommended. The aim of the treatment was a ventricular rate of 60 to 80 beats per minute at rest.