Nurse-led Pain Management in Adult ICU

"The Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) was created to help assess pain in critically ill patients who were unable to self-report pain.~The CPOT instrument evaluates facial expression, body movement, muscle tension, and compliance with ventilator or vocalisation to evaluate an individual's pain. The total score ranges from 0 to 8, where 8 is the worst pain. Patients are observed for 60 seconds while resting and during nociceptive procedures such as turning or wound dressings to detect any change in behaviour that could indicate pain. Further, the patient must be observed before and at the peak of analgesia medications administered to evaluate pain treatment effectiveness."