OFA in Thoracic Surgery

Instead of use of large amount of opioids for intraoperative stress response and postoperative pain controlling, during the whole perioperative period patients received no opioid at all. intravenous local anesthetics and thoracic epidural were used.

patients will receive opioid-sparing anesthesia protocol with minimal intraoperative sufentanil, remifentanil and epidural hydromorphone.